Bixitor, 60 mg 30 pcs.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ATX code: M01AN05 Pharmacological properties

Pharmacodynamics

Mechanism of action

Etoricoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor when administered orally in therapeutic concentrations. In clinical pharmacological studies, etoricoxib inhibited COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner, with no effect on COX-1 at a daily dose up to 150 mg. The drug does not inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa and does not affect platelet function.

Cyclooxygenase is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins. Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2, have been identified. COX-2 is an isoenzyme that is induced by various proinflammatory mediators and is considered the main enzyme responsible for the synthesis of prostanoid mediators of pain, inflammation and fever. COX-2 is involved in the processes of ovulation, implantation and closure of the arterial duct, regulation of kidney function and the central nervous system (induction of fever, sensation of pain, cognitive function), and may also play a certain role in the process of ulcer healing. COX-2 has been detected in the tissues surrounding gastric ulcers in humans, but its importance in ulcer healing has not been established.

Efficacy

In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), etoricoxib, administered at a dose of 60 mg once daily, provided a significant reduction in pain and improvement in patients’ assessment of their condition. These favorable effects were observed on the second day of treatment and persisted for 52 weeks. Studies of etoricoxib at a dose of 30 mg once daily (using similar evaluation methods) demonstrated efficacy compared to placebo during the treatment period of 12 weeks. In a study conducted to determine the optimal dose, etoricoxib at a dose of 60 mg demonstrated significantly greater improvement than at a dose of 30 mg for all three primary endpoints after 6 weeks of treatment. The 30 mg dose has not been studied in osteoarthritis of the hand joints.

In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg once daily provided a significant reduction in pain and inflammation and improved mobility. These favorable effects persisted for a treatment period of 12 weeks.

In patients with acute gouty arthritis, etoricoxib, administered at a dose of 120 mg once daily for an eight-day treatment period, reduced moderate to severe joint pain and inflammation. The efficacy was comparable to that of indomethacin when used in a dose of 50 mg three times a day. Pain reduction was noted as early as four hours after the start of treatment.

In patients with ankylosing spondylitis, etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg once daily provided a significant reduction in back pain, inflammation, stiffness, and improved function. The clinical efficacy of etoricoxib was observed on the second day of treatment and was sustained for the entire treatment period of 52 weeks.

In a clinical study of pain after dental surgery, etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg was administered once daily for three days. In a subgroup of patients with moderate pain (at baseline assessment), etoricoxib had the same analgesic effect as ibuprofen at a dose of 600 mg (16.11 vs. 16.39 P=0.722), and was superior to the paracetamol/codeine combination at a dose of 600 mg/60 mg (11.00, P<0.001) and placebo (6.84, P<0.001) according to the overall assessment of pain reduction during the first 6 hours (TOPAR6). The proportion of patients who required rapid-acting pain medication within the first 24 hours of taking the study drugs was 40.8% with etoricoxib at 90 mg, 25.5% with ibuprofen at 600 mg every 6 hours, and 46.7% with the paracetamol/codein combination at 600 mg/60 mg every 6 hours, compared with 76.2% in the placebo group. In this study, the median onset of action (tangible pain reduction) with etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg was 28 minutes after taking the drug.

Safety

The MEDAL (Multinational Evaluation of Long-Term Prescribing of Etoricoxib and Diclofenac in Arthritis) Program

The MEDAL Program was a multinational program that evaluated the long-term use of etoricoxib and diclofenac in arthritis. The MEDAL program was a prospective safety assessment program based on cardiovascular (CV) events from pooled data from three randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trials: MEDAL, EDGE II and EDGE.

The MEDAL study was a trial, the duration of which was determined by achieving endpoints (CC events), that included 17,804 patients with OA and 5,700 patients with RA who received etoricoxib at a dose of 60 mg (OA) or 90 mg (OA and RA) or diclofenac at a dose of 150 mg daily for an average of 20.3 months (maximum 42.3 months, median 21.3 months). Only serious adverse events and dropouts due to any adverse events were reported in this study.

The EDGE and EDGE II studies compared the gastrointestinal tolerability of etoricoxib and diclofenac. The EDGE study included 7111 patients with OA who received etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg daily (1.5 times the recommended dose for OA) or diclofenac at a dose of 150 mg daily for an average of 9.1 months (maximum 16.6 months, median 11.4 months). The EDGE II study included 4,086 patients with RA who received etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg daily or diclofenac at a dose of 150 mg daily for an average of 19.2 months (maximum 33.1 months, median 24 months).

In the combined MEDAL Program, 34,701 patients with OA or RA were treated for an average of 17.9 months (maximum 42.3 months, median 16.3 months); about 1,800 patients were treated for more than 24 months. Patients included in the MEDAL Program had a wide range of CV and gastrointestinal risk factors at baseline assessment. Patients with recent myocardial infarction, as well as those with aortocoronary bypass or percutaneous coronary intervention within 6 months before study inclusion were excluded. Gastroprotectants and low-dose aspirin were allowed in the studies.

The cardiovascular safety results

The incidence of confirmed serious thrombotic CC adverse events (which included cardiac, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular events) was comparable between the groups receiving etoricoxib or diclofenac (data are shown in the table below). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of thrombotic events between etoricoxib and diclofenac in all subgroups analyzed, including patient categories in the baseline CC risk range. The relative risk for confirmed serious thrombotic CC adverse events was similar for etoricoxib (when administered at 60 mg or 90 mg) and diclofenac (when administered at 150 mg).

Table “Frequency of Confirmed Thrombotic CC Events (MEDAL Program).

CC mortality and overall mortality were comparable between the etoricoxib and diclofenac treatment groups.

Cardiorenal events

Approximately 50% of patients included in the MEDAL study had a history of arterial hypertension at baseline assessment. The dropout rate due to adverse events associated with arterial hypertension was statistically significantly higher for etoricoxib than for diclofenac. The frequency of adverse events related to chronic heart failure (dropouts and serious events) was similar for etoricoxib in 60 mg dose and diclofenac in 150 mg dose, but was higher for etoricoxib in 90 mg dose compared to diclofenac in 150 mg dose (and statistically significantly higher for etoricoxib in 90 mg dose compared to diclofenac in 150 mg dose in the MEDAL trial OA group). The frequency of confirmed adverse events related to chronic heart failure (events that were serious and resulted in hospitalization or emergency department visits) was slightly higher for etoricoxib compared to diclofenac in the 150 mg dose; this effect was dose-dependent. Study dropout rates due to adverse events related to edema were higher for etoricoxib compared with diclofenac at a dose of 150 mg; this effect was dose-dependent (statistically significant for etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg, but not for etoricoxib at a dose of 60 mg).

The results of the EDGE and EDGE II studies are consistent with the results in the MEDAL study. In individual MEDAL studies, the absolute dropout rate in any treatment group for etoricoxib (60 mg or 90 mg) was up to 2.6% for arterial hypertension, up to 1.9% for edema, and up to 1.1% for chronic heart failure. Patients taking etoricoxib at the 90-mg dose had a higher dropout rate than patients taking etoricoxib at the 60-mg dose.

Gastrointestinal Tolerability Results in MEDAL

In each of the three MEDAL studies, the study dropout rate for any clinical GI adverse event (e.g., dyspepsia, abdominal pain, ulcers) was significantly lower for etoricoxib compared to diclofenac. The dropout rate due to GI adverse clinical events per 100 patient-years for the entire study period was as follows: 3.23 for etoricoxib and 4.96 for diclofenac in the MEDAL study; 9.12 for etoricoxib and 12.28 for diclofenac in the EDGE study, and 3.71 for etoricoxib and 4.81 for diclofenac in the EDGE II study.

The MEDAL Gastrointestinal Safety Assessment Results

In general, upper GI adverse events were defined as perforations, ulcers and bleeding. Complicated upper GI adverse events included perforations, obstruction and complicated bleeding; uncomplicated upper GI adverse events included uncomplicated bleeding and uncomplicated ulcers. The overall incidence of upper gastrointestinal adverse events was significantly lower for etoricoxib compared with diclofenac. No significant differences between etoricoxib and diclofenac were found in the incidence of complications. No significant differences between etoricoxib and diclofenac were found for hemorrhagic adverse events from the upper gastrointestinal tract (complicated and uncomplicated in the aggregate). The advantage of etoricoxib in the upper GI tract compared with diclofenac in patients simultaneously taking low-dose aspirin (about 33% of patients) was not statistically significant.

The incidence of confirmed complicated and uncomplicated upper GI clinical adverse events per 100 patient-years (perforations, ulcers, and bleeding) was 0.67 (95% CI 0.57, 0.77) for etoricoxib and 0.97 (95% CI 0.85, 1.10) for diclofenac, based on which the relative risk was 0.69 (95% CI 0.57, 0.83).

The incidence of confirmed upper gastrointestinal adverse events in older patients was examined; the maximum reduction was observed in patients aged ≥75 years, 1.35 (95% CI 0.94, 1.87) compared with 2.78 (95% CI 2.14, 3.56) events per 100 patient-years for etoricoxib and diclofenac, respectively.

The incidence of confirmed lower GI adverse events (small or large bowel perforation, obstruction, or bleeding) did not differ significantly between the groups receiving etoricoxib and diclofenac.

The MEDAL liver safety results

Etoricoxib had a statistically significantly lower dropout rate due to liver adverse events compared to diclofenac. In the combined MEDAL Program, 0.3% of patients receiving etoricoxib and 2.7% of patients receiving diclofenac dropped out of the study due to liver adverse events. The incidence of adverse events per 100 patient-years was 0.22 for etoricoxib and 1.84 for diclofenac (p<0.001 for etoricoxib versus diclofenac). Most liver adverse events in the MEDAL Program were not serious.

Additional safety data related to thrombotic CC events

In clinical trials other than the MEDAL Program trials, approximately 3,100 patients received etoricoxib at a dose of ≥60 mg daily for 12 weeks or longer. There were no notable differences in the incidence of confirmed serious thrombotic CC events in patients receiving etoricoxib ≥60 mg, placebo, or naproxen-free NSAIDs. However, compared with patients receiving naproxen at a dose of 500 mg twice daily, the incidence of these events was higher in patients receiving etoricoxib. The difference in antiplatelet activity between some COX-1 inhibiting DAAs and COX-2 selective inhibitors may be of clinical significance in patients at risk for thromboembolic events. Selective COX-2 inhibitors inhibit systemic (and possibly endothelial) prostacyclin formation without affecting platelet thromboxane. The clinical significance of these observations has not been established.

Additional Gastrointestinal Safety Data

. In two double-blind, 12-week endoscopic studies, the cumulative incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers was significantly lower in patients receiving etoricoxib at a dose of 120 mg once daily than in patients receiving naproxen at a dose of 500 mg twice daily or ibuprofen at a dose of 800 mg three times daily. The incidence of ulcers was higher with etoricoxib compared to placebo.

The study of renal function in the elderly

. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study evaluated the effects of 15 days of therapy with etoricoxib (90 mg), celecoxib (200 mg twice daily), naproxen (500 mg twice daily) and placebo on renal sodium excretion, blood pressure (BP) and other measures of renal function in patients aged 60 to 85 years who received a sodium diet of 200 mEq/day. Etoricoxib, celecoxib, and naproxen had similar effects on renal sodium excretion after 2 weeks of treatment. All active comparison drugs increased systolic BP relative to placebo, but etoricoxib therapy resulted in a statistically significant increase in systolic BP at day 14 compared with celecoxib and naproxen (mean change for systolic BP compared with baseline: etoricoxib 7.7 mmHg, celecoxib 2.4 mmHg, naproxen 3.6 mmHg).

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Etoricoxib is rapidly absorbed when administered orally. Absolute bioavailability when taken orally is about 100%. Administration in adults on an empty stomach in a dose of 120 mg once a day until reaching equilibrium state the maximum concentration (Cmax) is 3.6 µg/ml. Time of reaching maximum concentration (TCmax) in blood plasma is 1 h after drug intake. Geometric mean AUC0-24 is 37.8 µg/h/ml. Pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib within therapeutic doses is linear.
When taking etoricoxib at a dose of 120 mg with meals (high-fat meals) there was no clinically significant effect on the degree of absorption. The rate of absorption was altered, resulting in a 36% decrease in Cmax and a 2 h increase in TCmax. These results are not considered clinically significant. In clinical trials etoricoxib was used independently from food intake.

Distribution

Etoricoxib is approximately 92% bound to human plasma proteins at concentrations of 0.05-5 µg/ml. The volume of distribution (Vdss) in equilibrium is about 120 l.
Etoricoxib penetrates through the placental and blood-brain barriers.

Metabolism

Etoricoxib is extensively metabolized. Less than 1% of etoricoxib is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. The main route of metabolism is the formation of 6′-hydroxymethylethoricoxib, catalyzed by enzymes of the cytochrome system. CYP3A4 isoenzyme contributes to the metabolism of etoricoxib in vivo. In vitro studies indicate that the CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19 isoenzymes can also catalyze the major metabolic pathway, but their quantitative effects in vivo have not been studied.

In humans, 5 metabolites of etoricoxib have been identified. The main metabolite is 6′-carboxyacetyl etoricoxib, which is formed by additional oxidation of 6′-hydroxymethyl etoricoxib. These major metabolites have no appreciable activity or are weak COX-2 inhibitors. None of these metabolites inhibits COX-1.

On single intravenous administration of labeled radioactive etoricoxib to healthy volunteers at a dose of 25 mg, 70% of etoricoxib was excreted through the kidneys, 20% – through the intestine, mostly as metabolites. Less than 2% was found unchanged.

The excretion of etoricoxib is mainly by metabolism, followed by excretion through the kidneys.

The equilibrium concentration is reached when 120 mg of etoricoxib is taken daily after 7 days with a cumulation coefficient of about 2, which corresponds to a half-life of about 22 hours. Plasma clearance after intravenous administration of 25 mg is approximately 50 ml/min.

Pharmacokinetics in selected patient groups

Elderly patients

Pharmacokinetics in the elderly (65 years and older) are comparable with those in the young.

Paul

The pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib are similar in men and women.

Hepatic disorders

In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score of 5-6), administration of etoricoxib in a dose of 60 mg once daily was associated with a 16% increase in AUC compared to healthy subjects taking the drug in the same dose.

In patients with moderate hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh score 7-9) taking etoricoxib at a dose of 60 mg once daily, the average AUC was the same as in healthy subjects taking etoricoxib daily at the same dose. Etoricoxib in a dose of 30 mg once daily has not been studied in this population.
No data from clinical and pharmacokinetic studies in patients with severe hepatic impairment (≥10 Child-Pugh score) are available.

Renal dysfunction

The pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of etoricoxib 120 mg in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment and with end-stage chronic renal failure (CKF) on hemodialysis were not significantly different from those in healthy subjects. Hemodialysis had little effect on excretion (dialysis clearance was about 50 ml/min).

Children
Pharmacokinetic parameters of etoricoxib in children under 12 years of age have not been studied.

In a pharmacokinetic study (n=16) conducted in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, the pharmacokinetics in adolescents weighing 40 to 60 kg when taking etoricoxib at a dose of 60 mg once daily and in those weighing more than 60 kg when taking etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg once daily were similar to the pharmacokinetics in adults when taking etoricoxib at a dose of 90 mg once daily.

The safety and effectiveness of etoricoxib in children has not been established.

Indications

Symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, pain and inflammation associated with acute gouty arthritis.

Short-term treatment of moderate acute pain after dental surgery.

Pharmacological effect

Pharmacotherapeutic group: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
ATX code: M01AN05
Pharmacological properties

Pharmacodynamics

Mechanism of action

Etoricoxib, when administered orally at therapeutic concentrations, is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. In clinical pharmacological studies, etoricoxib dose-dependently inhibited COX-2 without affecting COX-1 at daily doses of up to 150 mg. The drug does not inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa and does not affect platelet function.

Cyclooxygenase is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins. Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase have been isolated: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is an isoenzyme that is induced by various proinflammatory mediators and is considered as the main enzyme responsible for the synthesis of prostanoid mediators of pain, inflammation and fever. COX-2 is involved in the processes of ovulation, implantation and closure of the ductus arteriosus, regulation of kidney and central nervous system function (induction of fever, pain sensation, cognitive function), and may also play a certain role in the healing process of ulcers. COX-2 has been found in tissue surrounding human gastric ulcers, but its importance in ulcer healing has not been established.

Efficiency

In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), etoricoxib, when administered at a dose of 60 mg once daily, provided a significant reduction in pain and improved patient assessment of their condition. These beneficial effects were observed as early as the second day of treatment and persisted for 52 weeks. Studies of etoricoxib at a dose of 30 mg once daily (using similar assessment methods) demonstrated efficacy compared with placebo over a treatment period of 12 weeks. In an optimal dose determination study, etoricoxib 60 mg demonstrated significantly greater improvement than 30 mg for all three primary endpoints after 6 weeks of treatment. The 30 mg dose has not been studied in osteoarthritis of the hand joints.

In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), etoricoxib 90 mg once daily provided significant reductions in pain and inflammation and improved mobility. These beneficial effects were maintained over a 12-week treatment period.

In patients with acute gouty arthritis, etoricoxib, when administered at a dose of 120 mg once daily for an entire eight-day treatment period, reduced moderate to severe joint pain and inflammation. The effectiveness was comparable to that of indomethacin when administered at a dose of 50 mg three times a day. A decrease in pain was noted within four hours after the start of treatment.

In patients with ankylosing spondylitis, etoricoxib, administered at a dose of 90 mg once daily, provided significant reductions in back pain, inflammation, stiffness, and improvement in function. Clinical efficacy of etoricoxib was observed as early as the second day of treatment and was maintained throughout the entire 52-week treatment period.

In a clinical trial examining pain after dental surgery, etoricoxib 90 mg was administered once daily for three days. In the subgroup of patients with moderate pain (at baseline), etoricoxib 90 mg had the same analgesic effect as ibuprofen 600 mg (16.11 vs. 16.39, P = 0.722) and was superior to paracetamol/codeine 600 mg/60 mg (11.00, P < 0.001) and placebo (6.84, P < 0.001) according to the total pain reduction score during the first 6 hours (TOPAR6). The proportion of patients who required rapid-acting pain medications within the first 24 hours of study drugs was 40.8% with etoricoxib 90 mg, 25.5% with ibuprofen 600 mg every 6 hours, and 46.7% with paracetamol/codeine 600 mg/60 mg every 6 hours compared with 76.2% in the placebo group. In this study, the median onset of action (perceived pain relief) with etoricoxib 90 mg was 28 minutes after dosing.

Safety

MEDAL Program (Multinational Evaluation Program for Long-Term Administration of Etoricoxib and Diclofenac in Arthritis)

The MEDAL program was a prospective safety assessment program based on cardiovascular (CV) events from pooled data from three randomized, double-blind, active-controlled studies: MEDAL, EDGE II, and EDGE.

The MEDAL study was a duration-to-endpoint (SS) study that included 17,804 patients with OA and 5,700 patients with RA who received etoricoxib 60 mg (OA) or 90 mg (OA and RA) or diclofenac 150 mg daily for an average of 20.3 months (maximum 42.3 months, median 21.3 months). In this study, only serious adverse events and dropouts due to any adverse events were recorded.

The EDGE and EDGE II studies compared the gastrointestinal tolerability of etoricoxib and diclofenac. The EDGE study included 7111 patients with OA who received etoricoxib 90 mg daily (1.5 times the recommended dose for OA) or diclofenac 150 mg daily for an average of 9.1 months (maximum 16.6 months, median 11.4 months). The EDGE II study included 4086 patients with RA who received etoricoxib 90 mg daily or diclofenac 150 mg daily for an average of 19.2 months (maximum 33.1 months, median 24 months).

In the combined MEDAL Program, 34,701 patients with OA or RA were treated for an average of 17.9 months (maximum 42.3 months, median 16.3 months), and approximately 12,800 patients were treated for more than 24 months. Patients enrolled in the MEDAL Program had a wide range of CV and gastrointestinal risk factors at baseline assessment. Patients with a recent myocardial infarction, as well as coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention within 6 months before inclusion in the study were excluded. The studies allowed the use of gastroprotectors and low-dose aspirin.

General security

No significant differences were found between etoricoxib and diclofenac in the incidence of thrombotic CV events. Cardiorenal adverse events were observed more frequently with etoricoxib than with diclofenac: this effect was dose-dependent (selected results are presented below). Adverse events from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and liver were significantly more often observed when prescribing diclofenac than when prescribing etoricoxib. The incidence of adverse events in the EDGE and EDGE II studies, as well as adverse events considered serious or requiring treatment discontinuation in the MEDAL study, was higher with etoricoxib than with diclofenac.

Cardiovascular safety results

The incidence of confirmed serious thrombotic CV adverse events (including cardiac, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular events) was comparable between the groups receiving etoricoxib or diclofenac (data are shown in the table below). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of thrombotic events between etoricoxib and diclofenac in all analyzed subgroups, including categories of patients in the range of baseline CV risk. The relative risk for confirmed serious thrombotic CV adverse events was similar for etoricoxib (at a dose of 60 mg or 90 mg) and diclofenac (at a dose of 150 mg).

Table “Frequency of confirmed thrombotic CV events (MEDAL Program)”

Etoricoxib (N=16819) 25836 patient-years
Diclofenac (N=16483) 24766 patient-years
Comparison between treatments
Frequency1 (95% CI)
Frequency1 (95% CI)
Relative risk (95% CI)
Confirmed thrombotic CV serious adverse events
When meeting protocol requirements
1.24(1.11, 1.38)
1.30 (1.17, 1.45)
0.95 (0.81, 1.11)
Depending on the prescribed treatment
1.25 (1.14, 1.36)
1.19 (1.08, 1.30)
1.05 (0.93, 1.19)
Confirmed cardiac events
When meeting protocol requirements
0.71 (0.61,0.82)
0.78 (0.68, 0.90)
0.90 (0.74, 1.10)
Depending on the prescribed treatment
0.69 (0.61,0.78)
0.70 (0.62, 0.79)
0.99 (0.84, 1.17)
Confirmed cerebrovascular events
When meeting protocol requirements
0.34 (0.28, 0.42)
0.32 (0.25, 0.40)
1.08 (0.80, 1.46)
Depending on the prescribed treatment
0.33 (0.28, 0.39)
0.29 (0.24, 0.35)
1.12 (0.87, 1.44)
Confirmed peripheral vascular events
When meeting protocol requirements
0.20 (0.15, 0.27)
0.22 (0.17, 0.29)
0.92 (0.63, 1.35)
Depending on the prescribed treatment
0.24 (0.20, 0.30)
0.23 (0.18,0.28)
1.08 (0.81, 1.44)
1 Number of events per 100 patient-years; CI=confidence interval; N=total number of patients included in the protocol-compliant patient population.
If the protocol requirements are met, all events that developed during study therapy or within 14 days of its cessation (patients who received 10% of the time are excluded).
Depending on the assigned treatment, all confirmed events that developed before the end of the study (included patients who may have undergone interventions not included in the study after stopping the study drug). Total number of patients randomized: n=17412 for etoricoxib and n=17289 for diclofenac.

CV mortality and all-cause mortality were comparable between the etoricoxib and diclofenac treatment groups.

Cardiorenal phenomena

Approximately 50% of patients enrolled in the MEDAL study had a history of hypertension at baseline assessment. The dropout rate due to hypertension-related adverse events was statistically significantly higher for etoricoxib than for diclofenac. The incidence of adverse events associated with chronic heart failure (study dropouts and serious events) was similar for etoricoxib 60 mg and diclofenac 150 mg, but was higher for etoricoxib 90 mg compared with diclofenac 150 mg (and statistically significantly higher for etoricoxib 90 mg compared with diclofenac 150 mg). 150 mg in the OA group of the MEDAL study). The incidence of confirmed adverse events related to chronic heart failure (events that were serious and resulted in hospitalization or emergency department visit) was not significantly higher for etoricoxib compared with diclofenac 150 mg; this effect was dose-dependent. The rate of withdrawal from the study due to adverse events related to edema was higher for etoricoxib compared with diclofenac 150 mg; this effect was dose-dependent (statistically significant for etoricoxib 90 mg, but not for etoricoxib 60 mg).

Cardiorenal safety results from the EDGE and EDGE II studies are consistent with those from the MEDAL study

In the individual MEDAL Program studies, the absolute dropout rate in any treatment arm for etoricoxib (60 mg or 90 mg) was up to 2.6% due to hypertension, up to 1.9% due to edema, and up to 1.1% due to congestive heart failure. Patients treated with etoricoxib 90 mg had a higher dropout rate than patients treated with etoricoxib 60 mg.

Results of the assessment of gastrointestinal tolerance in the MEDAL Program

In each of the three studies included in the MEDAL Program, the dropout rate for any clinical GI adverse event (eg, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, ulcers) was significantly lower for etoricoxib compared with diclofenac. The rate of withdrawal from the study due to adverse clinical events from the gastrointestinal tract per 100 patient-years for the entire study period was as follows: 3.23 for etoricoxib and 4.96 for diclofenac in the MEDAL study; 9.12 for etoricoxib and 12.28 for diclofenac in the EDGE study, and 3.71 for etoricoxib and 4.81 for diclofenac in the EDGE II study.

Results of the gastrointestinal safety assessment in the MEDAL Program

Overall, upper gastrointestinal adverse events were defined as perforation, ulceration, and bleeding. Complicated upper GI adverse events included perforation, obstruction, and complicated bleeding; Uncomplicated upper GI adverse events included uncomplicated bleeding and uncomplicated ulcers. The overall incidence of upper gastrointestinal adverse events was significantly lower for etoricoxib compared to diclofenac. No significant differences were found between etoricoxib and diclofenac in the incidence of complicated events. For hemorrhagic upper gastrointestinal adverse events (complicated and uncomplicated combined), no significant differences were found between etoricoxib and diclofenac. The upper GI benefit of etoricoxib compared with diclofenac in patients taking concomitant low-dose aspirin (about 33% of patients) was not statistically significant.

The incidence of confirmed complicated and uncomplicated clinical upper gastrointestinal adverse events per 100 patient-years (perforation, ulceration and bleeding) was 0.67 (95% CI 0.57, 0.77) for etoricoxib and 0.97 (95% CI 0.85, 1.10) for diclofenac, based on which the relative risk was 0.69 (95% CI 0.57, 0.83).

The incidence of confirmed upper gastrointestinal adverse events in elderly patients was studied; the greatest reduction in incidence was observed in patients aged ≥75 years, with 1.35 (95% CI 0.94, 1.87) versus 2.78 (95% CI 2.14, 3.56) events per 100 patient-years for etoricoxib and diclofenac, respectively.

The incidence of confirmed lower gastrointestinal adverse events (small or large bowel perforation, obstruction, or bleeding) was not significantly different between the etoricoxib and diclofenac groups.

Liver Safety Results from the MEDAL Program

Etoricoxib was characterized by a statistically significantly lower rate of withdrawal from the study due to adverse events from the liver compared with diclofenac. In the pooled MEDAL Program, 0.3% of patients receiving etoricoxib and 2.7% of patients receiving diclofenac withdrew from the study due to liver adverse events. The incidence of adverse events per 100 patient-years was 0.22 for etoricoxib and 1.84 for diclofenac (p < 0.001 for etoricoxib versus diclofenac). Most liver adverse events in the MEDAL Program were non-serious.

Additional safety data related to thrombotic CV events

In clinical studies excluding the MEDAL Program studies, approximately 3100 patients received etoricoxib at a dose of ≥60 mg per day for 12 weeks or longer. There were no significant differences in the incidence of confirmed serious thrombotic CV events in patients receiving etoricoxib ≥60 mg, placebo, or non-naproxen NSAIDs. However, compared with patients receiving naproxen 500 mg twice daily, the incidence of these events was higher in patients receiving etoricoxib. The difference in antiplatelet activity between some COX-1 inhibitory DMARDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors may be of clinical significance in patients at risk for thromboembolic events. Selective COX-2 inhibitors suppress the formation of systemic (and possibly endothelial) prostacyclin without affecting platelet thromboxane. The clinical significance of these observations has not been established.

Additional gastrointestinal safety data

In two double-blind endoscopic studies of 12 weeks duration, the cumulative incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers was significantly lower in patients receiving etoricoxib 120 mg once daily than in patients receiving naproxen 500 mg twice daily or ibuprofen 800 mg three times daily. The incidence of ulcers was higher with etoricoxib compared with placebo.

Renal function testing in the elderly

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study assessed the effects of 15 days of treatment with etoricoxib (90 mg), celecoxib (200 mg twice daily), naproxen (500 mg twice daily), and placebo on renal sodium excretion, blood pressure (BP), and other measures of renal function in patients aged 60 to 85 years receiving a 200 sodium diet. mEq/day Etoricoxib, celecoxib, and naproxen had similar effects on renal sodium excretion after 2 weeks of treatment. All active comparators increased systolic BP relative to placebo, but etoricoxib treatment resulted in a statistically significant increase in systolic BP at day 14 compared with celecoxib and naproxen (mean change from baseline for systolic BP: etoricoxib 7.7 mmHg, celecoxib 2.4 mmHg, naproxen – 3.6 mmHg).

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Etoricoxib is rapidly absorbed when taken orally. Absolute bioavailability when taken orally is about 100%. When using the drug in adults on an empty stomach at a dose of 120 mg once a day until steady state is achieved, the maximum concentration (Cmax) is 3.6 mcg/ml. The time to reach maximum concentration (TCmax) in blood plasma is 1 hour after taking the drug. The geometric mean AUC0-24 is 37.8 μg-h/ml. The pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib within therapeutic doses is linear.
When etoricoxib was administered at a dose of 120 mg with food (high fat meal), there was no clinically significant effect on the extent of absorption. The rate of absorption was altered, resulting in a 36% decrease in Cmax and an increase in TCmax by 2 hours. These results are not considered clinically significant. In clinical studies, etoricoxib was administered without regard to food intake.

Distribution

Etoricoxib is approximately 92% bound to plasma proteins in humans at concentrations of 0.05-5 mcg/ml. The volume of distribution (Vdss) at steady state is approximately 120 l.
Etoricoxib penetrates the placental and blood-brain barriers.

Metabolism

Etoricoxib is extensively metabolized. Less than 1% of etoricoxib is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. The main route of metabolism is the formation of 6′-hydroxymethyletoricoxib, catalyzed by enzymes of the cytochrome system. The CYP3A4 isoenzyme promotes the metabolism of etoricoxib in vivo. In vitro studies indicate that the isoenzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 can also catalyze the major metabolic pathway, but their quantitative effects in vivo have not been studied.

Five metabolites of etoricoxib have been detected in humans. The main metabolite is 6′-carboxyacetyletoricoxib, formed by additional oxidation of 6′-hydroxymethylethoricoxib. These main metabolites do not have significant activity or are weak inhibitors of COX-2. None of these metabolites inhibit COX-1.

Removal

With a single intravenous administration of radiolabeled etoricoxib at a dose of 25 mg to healthy volunteers, 70% of etoricoxib was excreted through the kidneys, 20% through the intestines, mainly in the form of metabolites. Less than 2% was found unchanged.

Elimination of etoricoxib occurs primarily through metabolism followed by renal excretion.

Equilibrium concentration is achieved with a daily dose of 120 mg of etoricoxib after 7 days with an accumulation coefficient of about 2, which corresponds to a half-life of about 22 hours. Plasma clearance after intravenous administration of 25 mg is approximately 50 ml/min.

Pharmacokinetics in selected patient groups

Elderly patients

Pharmacokinetics in the elderly (65 years and older) are comparable to pharmacokinetics in young people.

Floor

The pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib are similar in men and women.

Liver dysfunction

In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 5-6), etoricoxib 60 mg once daily was associated with a 16% increase in AUC compared to healthy subjects taking the same dose.

In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7-9) receiving etoricoxib 60 mg every other day, the mean AUC was the same as in healthy subjects. taking etoricoxib daily at the same dose. Etoricoxib 30 mg once daily has not been studied in this population.
Data from clinical and pharmacokinetic studies in patients with severe hepatic impairment (≥10 Child-Pugh points) are not available.

Renal dysfunction

The pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of etoricoxib 120 mg in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment and end-stage chronic renal failure (ESRD) on hemodialysis did not differ significantly from those in healthy individuals. Hemodialysis had a minor effect on excretion (dialysis clearance – about 50 ml/min).

Children
The pharmacokinetic parameters of etoricoxib have not been studied in children under 12 years of age.

In a pharmacokinetic study (n=16) conducted in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, the pharmacokinetics in adolescents weighing 40 to 60 kg receiving etoricoxib 60 mg once daily and in adolescents weighing more than 60 kg receiving etoricoxib 90 mg once daily were similar to those in adults receiving etoricoxib at dose of 90 mg once daily.

The safety and effectiveness of etoricoxib in children has not been established.

Special instructions

Effect on the gastrointestinal tract

Cases of upper gastrointestinal complications (perforation, ulceration or bleeding), sometimes fatal, have been reported in patients receiving etoricoxib. It is recommended to exercise caution when treating patients at high risk of developing gastrointestinal complications when using NSAIDs, in particular in the elderly, patients who are simultaneously using other NSAIDs, incl. acetylsalicylic acid, as well as in patients with a history of gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding.

There is an additional risk of developing gastrointestinal adverse reactions (gastrointestinal ulcers or other gastrointestinal complications) with concomitant use of etoricoxib and acetylsalicylic acid (even in low doses). In long-term clinical studies, no significant differences in gastrointestinal safety were observed when using selective COX-2 inhibitors in combination with acetylsalicylic acid compared with using NSAIDs in combination with acetylsalicylic acid.

Effect on the cardiovascular system

The results of clinical studies indicate that the use of drugs in the class of selective COX-2 inhibitors is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events (especially myocardial infarction and stroke) relative to placebo and some NSAIDs. Since the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases when taking selective COX-2 inhibitors may increase with increasing dose and duration of use, it is necessary to choose the shortest possible duration of use and the lowest effective daily dose. The patient’s need for symptomatic treatment in response to therapy should be periodically assessed, especially for patients with osteoarthritis.

Patients with known risk factors for developing cardiovascular complications (such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking) should be prescribed etoricoxib only after a careful assessment of benefits and risks.

Selective COX-2 inhibitors are not a replacement for acetylsalicylic acid in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, since they do not affect platelets. Therefore, the use of antiplatelet drugs should not be stopped.

Effect on kidney function

Renal prostaglandins may play a compensatory role in maintaining renal perfusion. In the presence of conditions that adversely affect renal perfusion, the administration of etoricoxib may cause a decrease in prostaglandin formation and a decrease in renal blood flow, and thus reduce renal function. The greatest risk of developing this reaction is in patients with a significant decrease in renal function, decompensated heart failure, or a history of cirrhosis. In such patients, it is necessary to monitor renal function.

Fluid retention, edema and hypertension

As with other drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in patients receiving etoricoxib. Fluid retention, edema and arterial hypertension were observed. Use of all NSAIDs, including etoricoxib. may be associated with the onset or recurrence of chronic heart failure. Caution should be exercised when prescribing Bixitor® to patients with a history of heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction or hypertension, as well as to patients with existing edema due to any other reason. If clinical signs of deterioration occur in such patients, appropriate measures should be taken, including discontinuation of etoricoxib.
Use of etoricoxib. especially at high doses, may be associated with more frequent and severe hypertension than with some other NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors. During treatment with etoricoxib, special attention should be paid to blood pressure control (see section “Contraindications”), which should be monitored for 2 weeks after the start of treatment and periodically thereafter. If there is a significant increase in blood pressure, alternative treatment should be considered.

Effect on liver function

In clinical studies lasting up to one year, approximately 1% of patients treated with etoricoxib at doses of 30 mg, 60 mg and 90 mg per day experienced an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (approximately three or more times the upper limit of normal).

All patients with symptoms and/or signs of liver dysfunction, as well as patients with abnormal liver function tests, should be monitored. If persistent abnormalities in liver function tests are detected (three times the upper limit of normal), use of Bixitor® should be discontinued.

General influences

If the patient experiences deterioration in the function of any of the organ systems listed above during treatment, appropriate measures should be taken and discontinuation of etoricoxib should be considered. When using etoricoxib in elderly patients and in patients with impaired renal, hepatic or cardiac function, appropriate medical supervision is required.

Caution should be exercised when initiating treatment with etoricoxib in patients with dehydration. Rehydration is recommended before starting etoricoxib.

During post-marketing surveillance, serious skin reactions have been reported very rarely with the use of NSAIDs and some selective COX-2 inhibitors. Some of them (including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) were fatal. The risk of developing such reactions is highest at the beginning of therapy, in most cases during the first month of treatment. Serious hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, have been reported in patients receiving etoricoxib. The use of some selective COX-2 inhibitors has been associated with an increased risk of skin reactions in patients with a history of any drug allergies. Etoricoxib should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity. The use of etoricoxib may mask fever or other signs of inflammation. Caution should be exercised when etoricoxib is coadministered with warfarin or other oral anticoagulants.

The use of etoricoxib, like other drugs that inhibit COX and prostaglandin synthesis, is not recommended for women planning pregnancy.

Impact on the ability to drive vehicles and machinery

Patients who experience dizziness, drowsiness, or weakness while taking etoricoxib should avoid driving or operating machinery.

Active ingredient

Etoricoxib

Composition

1 tablet contains:

Active ingredient:

etoricoxib – 60 mg;

Excipients: anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone K 30, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate; shell – hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, titanium dioxide, triacetin, indigo carmine aluminum varnish, yellow iron oxide.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to any component of the drug;
peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute stage, active gastrointestinal bleeding;
complete or incomplete combination of bronchial asthma, recurrent polyposis of the nose and paranasal sinuses and intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including a history);
pregnancy, breastfeeding period;
severe liver dysfunction (serum albumin <25 g/l or ≥10 points on the Child-Pugh scale); severe renal failure (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min); children under 16 years of age; inflammatory bowel diseases; chronic heart failure (NYHA functional class II-IV); uncontrolled arterial hypertension, in which blood pressure levels consistently exceed 140/90 mm Hg. Art.; confirmed coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and/or cerebrovascular disease. lactose intolerance, lactase deficiency, glucose-galactose malabsorption (the drug contains lactose); confirmed hyperkalemia; progressive kidney diseases. With caution

Caution should be exercised when using the drug in the following groups of patients:

patients with an increased risk of developing complications from the gastrointestinal tract due to taking NSAIDs; elderly patients concomitantly taking other NSAIDs, including acetylsalicylic acid, or patients with a history of gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding:
patients with a history of risk factors for cardiovascular complications, such as dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, edema and fluid retention:
patients with mild liver dysfunction (5-6 points on the Child-Pugh scale) should not exceed a dose of 60 mg once a day, patients with moderate liver dysfunction (7-9 points on the Child-Pugh scale) should not exceed 30 mg once a day:
patients with dehydration:
patients with impaired renal function who are simultaneously using ACE inhibitors, diuretics, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, especially the elderly;
patients with creatinine clearance <60 ml/min; patients with a previous significant decrease in renal function, with weakened renal function, decompensated heart failure or cirrhosis, who are at risk with long-term use of NSAIDs.

Caution should be exercised during concomitant therapy with the following drugs:

anticoagulants (for example, warfarin),
antiplatelet agents (for example, acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel),
drugs metabolized by sulfotransferases.

Side Effects

The frequency of adverse reactions is defined as:

Very common (≥1/10); often (from ≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (from ≥1/1000 to <1/100): rare (from ≥1/10000 to <1/1000); very rare (< 1/10000).Infectious and parasitic diseases: Often – alveolar osteitis; uncommon – gastroenteritis, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections.Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Uncommon – anemia (mainly as a result of gastrointestinal bleeding), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.Immune system disorders: Uncommon – hypersensitivity reactions*,**; rarely – angioedema, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, including shock*.Metabolic and nutritional disorders: Often – swelling/fluid retention; uncommon – decreased or increased appetite, weight gain.Mental disorders: Uncommon – anxiety, depression, concentration problems, hallucinations*; rarely – confusion*, anxiety*.Nervous system disorders: Often – headache, dizziness; uncommon – taste disturbance, insomnia, drowsiness, paresthesia/hypoesthesia.Visual disorders: Uncommon – blurred vision, conjunctivitis.Hearing and labyrinthine disorders: Uncommon – tinnitus, vertigo.Cardiac disorders: Often – palpitations, arrhythmia*; uncommon – atrial fibrillation, tachycardia*, chronic heart failure, nonspecific ECG changes, angina*, myocardial infarction***.Vascular disorders: Often – arterial hypertension; uncommon – “hot flashes”, cerebrovascular accident***, transient ischemic attack, hypertensive crisis*, vasculitis*.Disorders of the respiratory system, chest and mediastinal organs: Often – bronchospasm*; uncommon – cough, shortness of breath, nosebleeds.Gastrointestinal disorders: Very often – abdominal pain; often – constipation, flatulence, gastritis, heartburn/gastroesophageal reflux, diarrhea, dyspepsia/epigastric discomfort, nausea, vomiting, esophagitis, ulcers of the oral mucosa; uncommon – abdominal bloating, changes in peristalsis, dry oral mucosa, gastroduodenal ulcer, stomach ulcer, including gastrointestinal perforation and bleeding, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis*.Disorders of the liver and biliary tract: Often – increased ALT activity, increased AST activity; rarely – hepatitis*, liver failure*, jaundice*.Disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissues: Often – ecchymosis; uncommon – swelling of the face, itching, rash, erythema*, urticaria*; rarely – Stevens-Johnson syndrome*, toxic epidermal necrolysis*, fixed drug-induced erythema*.Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Uncommon – muscle cramps/spasms, myalgia, musculoskeletal pain/stiffness.Renal and urinary tract disorders: Uncommon – proteinuria, increased serum creatinine, renal failure*.General disorders and disorders at the injection site: Often – asthenia/weakness, flu-like syndrome; uncommon – chest pain.Laboratory and instrumental data: Uncommon – increased blood urea nitrogen, increased creatine phosphokinase activity, hyperkalemia, increased uric acid; rarely – decreased sodium in the blood.* This adverse reaction was reported during post-marketing surveillance. The reported frequency for it is estimated based on the highest frequency observed in clinical studies pooled by dose and indication.** Hypersensitivity includes the terms “allergy”, “drug allergy”, “drug hypersensitivity”, “hypersensitivity”, “unspecified hypersensitivity”, “hypersensitivity reaction” and “non-specific allergy”.*** According to the results of an analysis of long-term placebo-controlled and actively controlled clinical studies, the use of selective COX-2 inhibitors increases the risk of developing serious arterial thrombotic events, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Based on available data, it is unlikely that the absolute risk of developing these events exceeds 1% per year (infrequent).The following serious adverse events have been reported in association with NSAIDs and cannot be excluded for etoricoxib: nephrotoxicity, including interstitial nephritis and nephrotic syndrome.

Interaction

Pharmacodynamic interaction

Oral anticoagulants (warfarin): In patients receiving warfarin, etoricoxib 120 mg daily was associated with an increase in International Normalized Ratio (INR) prothrombin time of approximately 13%. In patients receiving oral anticoagulants, prothrombin time and INR should be monitored when starting treatment or when changing treatment with etoricoxib, especially in the first days of taking the drug.

Diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II antagonists: NSAIDs may reduce the effect of diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs. In some patients with impaired renal function (for example, patients with dehydration or elderly patients with impaired renal function), concomitant use of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II antagonist and drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase may lead to a further deterioration of renal function, including the possible development of acute renal failure, which is usually reversible. The possibility of such interactions should be kept in mind in patients taking etoricoxib concomitantly with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II antagonists. This combination should be prescribed with caution, especially in elderly patients. At the beginning of combined treatment, as well as at certain intervals in the future, fluid deficiency should be replenished and the issue of monitoring renal function should be considered.

Acetylsalicylic acid. In a study in healthy volunteers, etoricoxib 120 mg daily at steady state did not affect the antiplatelet activity of acetylsalicylic acid (81 mg once daily). The drug Bixitor® can be used simultaneously with acetylsalicylic acid in low doses intended for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, simultaneous administration of low doses of acetylsalicylic acid and etoricoxib may lead to an increased incidence of gastrointestinal ulcers and other complications compared to taking etoricoxib alone. Concomitant use of etoricoxib with acetylsalicylic acid in doses exceeding those recommended for the prevention of CV complications, as well as with other NSAIDs, is not recommended.
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus. The interaction of etoricoxib with these drugs has not been studied, however, the simultaneous use of NSAIDs with cyclosporine and tacrolimus may increase the nephrotoxic effect of these drugs. Monitor renal function when etoricoxib is used concomitantly with any of these drugs.

Pharmacokinetic interaction

Effect of etoricoxib on the pharmacokinetics of other drugs

Lithium. NSAIDs reduce the renal excretion of lithium and, therefore, increase the concentration of lithium in the blood plasma. If necessary, frequently monitor the concentration of lithium in the blood and adjust the dose of lithium during simultaneous use with NSAIDs, as well as when NSAIDs are discontinued.

Methotrexate. Two studies examined the effects of etoricoxib 60, 90, and 120 mg once daily for seven days in patients receiving 7.5 to 20 mg of methotrexate once weekly for rheumatoid arthritis. Etoricoxib at doses of 60 and 90 mg had no effect on plasma concentrations and renal clearance of methotrexate. In one study, etoricoxib 120 mg had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate. In another study, plasma methotrexate concentrations increased by 28% and renal clearance of methotrexate decreased by 13%. If etoricoxib and methotrexate are co-administered, patients should be monitored for possible toxic effects of methotrexate.

Oral contraceptives. Taking etoricoxib 60 mg for 21 days with an oral contraceptive containing 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 0.5 to 1 mg norethindrone increased the AUC0-24h for EE by 37%. Taking etoricoxib at a dose of 120 mg with the above oral contraceptives (simultaneously or with an interval of 12 hours) increases the steady-state AUC0-24h for EE by 50-60%. This increase in EE concentrations should be taken into account when selecting the appropriate oral contraceptive for concomitant use with etoricoxib. This fact may lead to an increase in the incidence of adverse events associated with the use of oral contraceptives (for example, venous thromboembolism in women at risk).

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Prescription of etoricoxib at a dose of 120 mg simultaneously with drugs for hormone replacement therapy containing conjugated estrogens at a dose of 0.625 mg. within 28 days increases the average steady-state AUC0-24h of unconjugated estrone (41%), equilin (76%) and 17-β-estradiol (22%). The effects of etoricoxib doses recommended for long-term use (30, 60 and 90 mg) have not been studied. Etoricoxib at a dose of 120 mg changed the exposure (AUC0-24h) of these estrogenic components by less than half compared with monotherapy with a drug containing conjugated estrogens, with an increase in the dose of the latter from 0.625 to 1.25 mg. The clinical significance of such increases is unknown. The combination of etoricoxib and a product containing higher doses of conjugated estrogens has not been studied. Increased estrogen concentrations should be taken into account when choosing a hormonal drug for postmenopausal use when administered concomitantly with etoricoxib, since increased estrogen exposure may increase the risk of HRT-related adverse events.

Prednisone/prednisolone. In drug interaction studies, etoricoxib did not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of prednisone/prednisolone.

Digoxin. When etoricoxib was administered at a dose of 120 mg once daily for 10 days in healthy volunteers, there was no change in AUC0-24h at steady state or an effect on the renal excretion of digoxin. An increase in digoxin Cmax was noted (approximately 33%). This increase is usually not significant in most patients. However, when etoricoxib and digoxin are used concomitantly, patients at high risk for digoxin toxicity should be monitored.

Effect of etoricoxib on drugs metabolized by sulfotransferases. Etoricoxib is an inhibitor of human sulfotransferases (specifically SULT1E1) and may increase serum EE concentrations. Due to the fact that there is currently insufficient data on the effects of various sulfotransferases, and their clinical relevance for the use of many drugs is still being studied, it is advisable to use caution when prescribing etoricoxib concomitantly with other drugs metabolized primarily by human sulfotransferases (for example, oral salbutamol and minoxidil).

Effect of etoricoxib on drugs metabolized by isoenzymes of the cytochrome system. Based on the results of in vitro studies, etoricoxib is not expected to inhibit cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 1A2, 2C9, 209, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4. In a study of healthy volunteers, daily use of etoricoxib at a dose of 120 mg had no effect on the activity of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme in the liver, according to the results of the erythromycin breath test.

Effect of other drugs on the pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib

The main pathway of metabolism of etoricoxib depends on enzymes of the cytochrome system. The CYP3A4 isoenzyme promotes the metabolism of etoricoxib in vivo. In vitro studies suggest that the isoenzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 can also catalyze the main metabolic pathway, but their quantitative characteristics in vivo have not been studied.
Ketoconazole. Ketoconazole is a potent inhibitor of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. When ketoconazole was administered to healthy volunteers at a dose of 400 mg once daily for 11 days, it had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of etoricoxib 60 mg (43% increase in AUC).

Voriconazole and miconazole. Co-administration of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (oral voriconazole or topical miconazole oral gel) and etoricoxib caused a slight increase in etoricoxib exposure, which was not considered clinically significant based on published data.

Rifampicin. The simultaneous administration of etoricoxib and rifampicin (a powerful inducer of the cytochrome system) led to a decrease in the concentration of etoricoxib in the blood plasma by 65%. This interaction may be accompanied by a relapse of symptoms when etoricoxib is co-administered with rifampicin. These data may indicate a need for dose escalation, but etoricoxib should not be used in doses that exceed those recommended for each indication (see Dosage and Administration) as the combined use of rifampicin and etoricoxib at such doses has not been studied.

Antacids. Antacids do not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib.

Overdose

In clinical studies, single doses of etoricoxib up to 500 mg and repeated doses of up to 150 mg/day for 21 days did not cause significant toxic effects. There have been reports of acute overdose with etoricoxib, but in most cases no adverse reactions were reported.

The most common adverse reactions were consistent with the safety profile of etoricoxib (eg, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiorenal events).

In case of overdose, it is advisable to use the usual supportive measures, such as removing unabsorbed drug from the gastrointestinal tract. clinical observation and, if necessary, supportive therapy. Etoricoxib is not eliminated by hemodialysis, and the elimination of etoricoxib by peritoneal dialysis has not been studied.

Storage conditions

At a temperature not exceeding 25 °C.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Shelf life

3 years. Do not use after the expiration date stated on the package.

Manufacturer

AET Laboratories Private Limited, India