Amoxiclav Quicktab, 250 mg+62, 5 mg 20 pcs

Pharmacological action – antibacterial broad spectrum, bactericidal.
Pharmacodynamics

The drug Amoxiclav® is a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.

Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin (a beta-lactam antibiotic) that inhibits one or more enzymes (often referred to as penicillin-binding proteins, PRPs) in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway, which is an integral structural component of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis leads to loss of cell wall strength, which usually causes lysis and cell death of microorganisms.

Amoxicillin is degraded by the action of beta-lactamases produced by resistant bacteria, so that the spectrum of activity of amoxicillin does not include microorganisms that produce these enzymes.

Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam that is structurally related to penicillins. It inhibits some beta-lactamases, thereby preventing inactivation of amoxicillin and broadening its spectrum of activity to include bacteria normally resistant to amoxicillin as well as other penicillins and cephalosporins. Clavulanic acid itself has no clinically significant antibacterial activity.

The drug Amoxiclav® has a bactericidal effect in vivo against the following microorganisms:

– gram-positive aerobes – Staphylococcus aureus*, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes;

– Gram-negative aerobes – Enterobacter spp.**, Escherichia coli*, Haemophilus influenzae*, species of the genus Klebsiella*, Moraxella catarrhalis* (Branhamella catarrhalis).

The drug Amoxiclav® has a bactericidal effect in vitro against the following microorganisms (but clinical significance is not yet known):

– Gram-positive aerobes – Bacillis anthracis*, species of the genus Corynebacterium, Enterococcus faecalis*, Enterococcus faecium*, Listeria monocytogenes, Nocardia asteroides, coagulazonegative staphylococci* (including Staphylococcus epidermidis), Streptococcus agalactiae, other species of the genus Streptococcus, Streptococcus viridans;

– gram positive anaerobes – species of the genus Clostridium, species of the genus Peptococcus, species of the genus Peptostreptococcus;

– Gram-negative aerobes – Bordetella pertussis, species of the genus Brucella, Gardnerella vaginalis, Helicobacter pylori, species of the genus Legionella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae*, Neisseria meningitidis*, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis*, Proteus vulgaris*, species from Salmonella*, species from Shigella*, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica*;

– Gram-negative anaerobes – species of the genus Bacteroides* (including Bacteroides fragilis), species of the genus Fusobacterium*;

– others – Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia spp., Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Treponema pallidum.

* Some strains of these bacterial species produce beta-lactamases, which contributes to their insensitivity to amoxicillin monotherapy.

** Most strains of these bacteria are resistant to the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination in vitro, but the clinical effectiveness of this combination has been demonstrated in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by these strains.

Pharmacokinetics

The main pharmacokinetic parameters of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are similar. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are well soluble in aqueous solutions with physiological pH value and after oral administration of Amoxiclav® are quickly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption of the active substances – amoxicillin and clavulanic acid – is optimal if the drug is taken at the beginning of a meal.

The bioavailability of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid after oral administration is about 70%.

The peak of plasma concentrations is reached approximately 1 hour after ingestion. Values of Cmax for amoxicillin (depending on the dose) are 3-12 mcg/ml, for clavulanic acid – about 2 mcg/ml.

The Cmax in plasma after a bolus injection of 1.2 g (1000+200 mg) of the drug is 105.4 mg/L for amoxicillin and 28.5 mg/L for clavulanic acid.

When using Amoxiclav® plasma concentrations of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are similar to those when administering orally the corresponding doses of amoxicillin or clavulanic acid separately in equivalent doses.

The two components are characterized by sufficient Vd in various organs, tissues and body fluids (including lungs, abdominal cavity organs; fat, bone and muscle tissues; pleural, synovial and peritoneal fluids; skin, bile, urine, purulent secretions, sputum, interstitial fluid).

The plasma protein binding is moderate – 25% for clavulanic acid and 18% for amoxicillin.

The Vd is approximately 0.3-0.4 L/kg for amoxicillin and approximately 0.2 L/kg for clavulanic acid.

Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier in non-inflamed cerebral membranes.

Amoxicillin (like most penicillins) is excreted with breast milk. Trace amounts of clavulanic acid are also found in breast milk. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid penetrate the placental barrier.

Amoxicillin is excreted mainly by the kidneys, whereas clavulanic acid is excreted through both renal and extrarenal mechanisms. After a single oral administration of one tablet of 250+125 mg or 500+125 mg, approximately 60-70% of amoxicillin and 40-65% of clavulanic acid are excreted unchanged in the urine during the first 6 h. About 10-25% of the initial dose of amoxicillin is excreted with urine as inactive penicillic acid. Clavulanic acid in humans undergoes intensive metabolism to form 2,5-dihydro-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-oxo-1H-pyrrol-3-carboxylic acid and 1-amino-4-hydroxy-butane-2-one and is excreted with urine and feces.

The average T1/2 of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is approximately 1 h, the average total clearance is approximately 25 L/h in healthy patients. Various studies have found that urinary excretion of amoxicillin within 24 h is approximately 50-85%, clavulanic acid 27-60%. The greatest amount of clavulanic acid is excreted during the first 2 hours after intake.

Patients with impaired liver function

In patients with severe renal impairment the T1/2 is increased to 7.5 h for amoxicillin and to 4.5 h for clavulanic acid.

In patients with hepatic impairment the dose of the drug should be adjusted with caution: continuous monitoring of the liver condition is necessary.

The two components are eliminated by hemodialysis and minor amounts by peritoneal dialysis.

Indications

For all dosage forms

Infections caused by sensitive strains of microorganisms:

Upper respiratory tract and ENT (including acute and chronic sinusitis, acute and chronic otitis media, tonsillitis, pharyngitis);

Lower respiratory tract infections (including acute bronchitis with bacterial superinfection, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia);

urinary tract (e.g. cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis);

in gynecology;

skin and soft tissue, including human and animal bites;

bone and connective tissue;

biliary tract (cholecystitis, cholangitis);

odontogenic.

Active ingredient

Composition

How to take, the dosage

Ingestion. Dosing regimen is set individually depending on the age, body weight, kidney function of the patient and the severity of the infection.

The tablets should be dissolved in half a cup of water (30 ml minimum) and stirred thoroughly; then the tablets should be drunk or held in the mouth until completely dissolved, and then swallowed.

In order to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, the drug should be taken at the beginning of a meal.

Dispersible tablets of Amoxiclav® Quicktab 500 mg/125 mg:

Adults and children over 12 years of age with a body weight of ?40 kg

To treat mild to moderate infections, 1 tablet (500 mg/125 mg) every 12 hours (2 times daily).

To treat severe infections and respiratory infections, 1 tablet (500 mg/125 mg) every 8 hours (3 times daily).

The maximum daily dose of Amoxiclav® Quicktab is 1500 mg amoxicillin/375 mg clavulanic acid.

Patients with impaired renal function. In patients with creatinine Cl above 30 ml/min there is no need to adjust the dose.

Adults and children over 12 years of age with body weight of ?40 kg (stated dosage regimen is used for infections of moderate to severe course):

Amoxiclav®Cvitab Dispersible Tablets 875 mg/125 mg:

Adults and children over 12 years of age with a body weight of ?40 kg

In severe infections and respiratory infections, 1 tablet (875 mg/125 mg) every 12 hours (2 times a day).

The daily dose of Amoxiclav® Quicktab when used 2 times a day is 1750 mg of amoxicillin/250 mg of clavulanic acid.

Patients with impaired renal function. In patients with creatinine Cl over 30 ml/min there is no need to adjust the dose.

Patients with Cl creatinine less than 30 ml/min use of dispersible tablets of Amoxiclav® Quicktab, 875 mg/125 mg is contraindicated.

In such patients, the drug should be taken in a dosage of 500 mg/125 mg after adjusting the dose accordingly to the level of Cl creatinine.

Patients with impaired liver function. Caution should be exercised when taking Amoxiclav® Quicktab. Regular monitoring of liver function is necessary. In case of treatment start with parenteral administration of the drug, it is possible to continue therapy with tablets of Amoxiclav® Quicktab.

The duration of treatment course is determined by the attending physician!

The minimum course of antibiotic therapy is 5 days. Treatment should not continue for more than 14 days without a review of the clinical situation.

Interaction

For all dosage forms

Antacids, glucosamine, laxatives, aminoglycosides slow absorption, ascorbic acid increases absorption.

Diuretics, allopurinol, phenylbutazone, NSAIDs and other drugs that block tubular secretion (probenecid) increase the concentration of amoxicillin (clavulanic acid is eliminated mainly by glomerular filtration).

The concomitant use of Amoxiclav® and methotrexate increases the toxicity of methotrexate.

The co-administration with allopurinol increases the incidence of exanthema. Concomitant use with disulfiram should be avoided.

Decreases the effectiveness of drugs in the metabolism of which PABA is formed; ethinyl estradiol – risk of breakthrough bleeding.

The literature describes rare cases of increased INR in patients when coadministering acenocoumarol or warfarin and amoxicillin. If concomitant use with anticoagulants is necessary, PV or INR should be closely monitored when prescribing or withdrawing the drug.

The combination with rifampicin is antagonistic (mutual weakening of the antibacterial effect). The preparation Amoxiclav® should not be used simultaneously in combination with bacteriostatic antibiotics (macrolides, tetracyclines), sulfonamides because of possible decrease of effectiveness of Amoxiclav® preparation.

The drug Amoxiclav® reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

For dispersible tablets and powder for preparation of suspension for oral administration additionally

Increases the effectiveness of indirect anticoagulants (by inhibiting intestinal microflora, reduces the synthesis of vitamin K and prothrombin index). In some cases, administration of the drug may prolong PV, in this regard, caution should be exercised when concomitant use of anticoagulants and the drug Amoxiclav® Quicktab.

Probenecid decreases excretion of amoxicillin, increasing its serum concentration.

In patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil, a decrease of approximately 50% in the concentration of the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid, was observed after starting the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid before the next dose of the drug. Changes in this concentration cannot accurately reflect overall changes in mycophenolic acid exposure.

Special Instructions

For all dosage forms

Hematopoietic, hepatic and renal function should be monitored during course treatment.

In patients with severe renal dysfunction, adequate dose adjustment or increased intervals between doses is required.

The development of superinfection due to growth of microflora insensitive to it is possible, which requires appropriate change in antibiotic therapy.

In patients who are hypersensitive to penicillins, cross-allergic reactions with cephalosporin antibiotics are possible.

In women with premature rupture of fetal membranes, it has been found that prophylactic therapy with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid may be associated with an increased risk of necrotizing colitis in the newborn.

In patients with decreased diuresis, crystalluria is very rare. During the use of high doses of amoxicillin, it is recommended to take sufficient fluids and maintain adequate diuresis to reduce the likelihood of amoxicillin crystal formation.

Laboratory tests. High concentrations of amoxicillin give a false-positive reaction for urine glucose when using Benedict’s reagent or Fehling’s solution. Enzymatic reactions with glucosidase are recommended.

For dispersible tablets and powder for oral suspension, in addition

Patients should be questioned before starting treatment to determine if there is a history of hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins or other beta-lactam antibiotics.

In order to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, the drug should be taken before or with meals.

When using high doses of Amoxiclav® Quicktab, patients with crystalluria need to adequately replenish fluid loss.

In case of antibiotic-associated colitis, Amoxiclav®Quicktab should be immediately discontinued, consult a physician and initiate appropriate treatment. Drugs that inhibit peristalsis are contraindicated in these situations.

The treatment is necessarily continued for 48-72 hours after the disappearance of clinical signs of the disease. If simultaneous use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives and amoxicillin is possible, other or additional methods of contraception should be used.

Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid may provoke non-specific binding of immunoglobulins and albumin to the red blood cell membrane that may cause false positive reaction in Coombs test.

The use of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is contraindicated in infectious mononucleosis because it may provoke a rash of crust-like symptoms.

Special precautions for disposal of unused medication. There is no need for special precautions when destroying unused Amoxiclav®.

Impact on the ability to drive a car or perform work requiring increased speed of physical and mental reactions. Because of possible development of CNS side effects such as dizziness, headache, seizures, during the treatment it is necessary to observe caution while driving a vehicle and performing other activities requiring concentration and quick psychomotor reactions.

Contraindications

hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;

hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics in the past;

A history of cholestatic jaundice and/or other liver dysfunction caused by taking amoxicillin/clavulanic acid;

infectious mononucleosis and lympholeukemia;

For Amoxiclav® Quicktab dispersible tablets additionally

children under 12 years of age or with body weight less than 40 kg.

Phenylketonuria;

Renal insufficiency (creatinine TCl <30 ml/min) (for dispensable tablets 875 mg+125 mg)

With caution: history of pseudomembranous colitis, GI diseases, hepatic insufficiency, severe renal dysfunction, pregnancy, lactation, concomitant use with anticoagulants.

Side effects

Gastrointestinal system disorders: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastritis, stomatitis, glossitis, black “hairy” tongue, darkening of tooth enamel, hemorrhagic colitis (may also develop after therapy), enterocolitis, pseudomembranous colitis, liver dysfunction, increased ALT, AST, ALP and/or plasma bilirubin levels, liver failure (more common in the elderly, men, with prolonged therapy), cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis.

Allergic reactions: itching, urticaria, erythematous rash, erythema multiforme, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, allergic vasculitis, exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, syndrome similar to serum sickness, toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Hematopoietic and lymphatic system disorders: reversible leukopenia (including neutropenia), thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, reversible increase in PV (when combined with anticoagulants), reversible increase in bleeding time, eosinophilia, pancytopenia, thrombocytosis, agranulocytosis.

CNS disorders: dizziness, headache, seizures (may occur in patients with impaired renal function when taking high doses of the drug).

Urinary system disorders: interstitial nephritis, crystalluria, hematuria.

Others: candidiasis and other types of superinfections.

Amoxiclav®

For film-coated tablets, powder for preparation of suspension for oral administration, powder for preparation of solution for injection additionally

CNS side: hyperactivity. Feeling of anxiety, insomnia, behavioral changes, agitation.

Overdose

There have been no reports of death or life-threatening side effects due to overdose of the drug.

Symptoms: in most cases – gastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting), possibly also anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, in single cases – seizures.

Treatment: In case of overdose the patient must be under medical supervision; treatment is symptomatic.

In case of recent intake (less than 4 hours) of the drug it is necessary to perform gastric lavage and prescribe activated charcoal to reduce absorption. Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium is removed by hemodialysis.

Pregnancy use

In pregnancy and lactation, Amoxiclav® is used only if the estimated benefit to the mother exceeds the potential risk to the fetus and child.

Amoxiclav® Quicktab can be administered during pregnancy in the presence of clear indications.

Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid penetrate into breast milk in small amounts.

Similarities